A recent study of the Zvejnieki cemetery in northern Latvia, one of the largest burial sites of the Stone Age in Europe, has revealed sensational new information about the use of stone tools during burial. The research, undertaken as part of the Stone ᴅᴇᴀᴅ Project led by the University of York’s Dr. Aimée Little, shows that stone tools were not solely ᴀssociated with men, as was previously thought, but were equally frequently buried with women, children, and elderly individuals.

Reconstruction drawing of collective burial 263, 264 and 264a. Credit: A. Petrović et al., PloS One (2025)

Zvejnieki, active for more than 5,000 years, contains more than 330 graves with more than 350 individuals. Although previous research focused on skeletal remains or grave goods such as animal tooth pendants, stone artifacts—which were largely characterized as being purely utilitarian—had not been investigated extensively.

Using a multiproxy approach that considered geological, technological, functional, spatial, and depositional data, the researchers were able to trace how tools were made, used, and sometimes intentionally broken as part of funerary rites.

The analysis revealed that some lithic tools were used in the processing of animal hides, but others appear to have been deliberately created and deposited in graves, sometimes even broken before burial. Children were among the most frequent recipients of lithic grave goods, which implies that tools were symbolic rather than merely practical. Women were also repeatedly buried with stone tools, contrary to former ideas about gender roles in prehistoric societies and the tendency to describe women as having been primarily engaged in domestic tasks.

Stone Age tools. Credit: A. Petrović et al., PloS One (2025)

“This research overturns the old stereotype of ‘Man the Hunter,’ which has been a dominant theme in Stone Age studies, and has even influenced, on occasion, how some infants were Sєxed, on the basis that they were given lithic tools,” said Dr. Little.

The study also highlights the importance of methodological rigor in archaeological research. Through detailed examination of lithic ᴀssemblages along with burial data, scientists can come closer to understanding the symbolic and practical significance of such artifacts.

The researchers recommended that future research should target comparative studies of cemetery tools and modern settlement artifacts, and integrate lithic data with other categories of grave goods with a view to building a more complete picture of Stone Age mortuary practices.

The findings reveal the reality that stone tools were far from everyday tools—they were focal points of the rituals and memorials surrounding death.

More information: University of YorkPublication: Petrović, A., Bates, J., Macāne, A., Zagorska, I., Edmonds, M., Nordqvist, K., & Little, A. (2025). Multiproxy study reveals equality in the deposition of flaked lithic grave goods from the Baltic Stone Age cemetery Zvejnieki (Latvia). PloS One, 20(9), e0330623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330623