Akhenaten
Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He is also known as ‘Akhenaton’ or ‘Ikhnaton’ and also ‘Khuenaten’, all of which are translated to mean ‘successful for’ or ‘of great use to’ the god Aten.
Akhenaten chose this name for himself after his conversion to the cult of Aten. Prior to this conversion, he was known as AmenH๏τep IV (or Amenophis IV). He was the son of AmenH๏τep III (1386-1353 BCE) and his wife Tiye, husband of Queen Neferтιтi, and father of both Tutankhamun (by a lesser wife named Lady Kiya) and Tutankhamun’s wife Ankhsenamun (by Neferтιтi).
His reign as AmenH๏τep IV lasted five years during which he followed the policies of his father and the religious traditions of Egypt. However, in the fifth year, he underwent a dramatic religious transformation, changed his devotion from the cult of Amun to that of Aten, and, for the next twelve years, became famous (or infamous) as the ‘heretic king’ who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt and insтιтuted the first known monotheistic state religion in the world and, according to some, monotheism itself.
His reign is known as the Amarna Period because he moved the capital of Egypt from the traditional site at Thebes to the city he founded, Akhetaten, which came to be known as Amarna (also Tell el-Amarna). The Amarna Period is the most controversial era in Egyptian history and has been studied, debated, and written about more than any other.
AmenH๏τep IV Becomes Akhenaten
AmenH๏τep IV may have been co-regent with his father, AmenH๏τep III, and it has been noted that the sun-disk known as the ‘Aten’ is displayed on a number of inscriptions from this period of the earlier king’s reign. The Aten was not new to the rule of Akhenaten and, prior to his conversion, was simply another cult among the many in ancient Egypt. It should be noted that ‘cult’ did not have the same meaning in this regard as it does in the present day. The gods and practices of the various cults all represented the same end: eternal harmony and balance.
AmenH๏τep III ruled over a land whose priesthood, centered on the god Amun, had been steadily growing in power for centuries. By the time AmenH๏τep IV came to power, the priests of Amun were on almost equal standing with the royal house in wealth and influence. The historian Lewis Spence writes:
With the exception of Ra and Osiris, the worship of Amun was more widespread than that of any other god in the Nile Valley; but the circumstances behind the growth of his cult certainly point to its having been disseminated by political rather than religious propaganda. (137)
By the time of AmenH๏τep IV, the cult of Amun owned more land than the king. In the 5th year of his reign, AmenH๏τep IV outlawed the old Egyptian religion and proclaimed himself the living incarnation of a single all-powerful deity known as Aten and, by the 9th year, he had closed all the temples and suppressed religious practices. The historian Barbara Watterson writes:
By the ninth year of his reign, Akhenaten had proscribed the old gods of Egypt, and ordered their temples to be closed, a very serious matter, for these insтιтutions played an important part in the economic and social life of the country. Religious persecution was new to the Egyptians, who had always worshipped many deities and were ever ready to add new gods to the pantheon. Atenism, however, was a very exclusive religion confined to the royal family, with the king as the only mediator between man and god. (111-112)
AmenH๏τep IV moved his seat of power from the traditional palace at Thebes to one he built at the city he founded, Akhetaten, changed his name to Akhenaten, and continued the religious reforms which resulted in his being despised as `the heretic king’ by some later writers while admired as a champion of monotheism by others.
Akhenaten’s Monotheism
Some historians have praised Akhenaten’s reforms as the first instance of monotheism and the benefits of monotheistic belief, but these reforms were not at all beneficial to the people of Egypt at the time. The historian Durant, for example, writes that Akhenaten’s reforms were “the first out-standing expression of monotheism – seven hundred years before Isaiah [of the Bible] and an astounding advance upon the old tribal deities” (210). Those ‘old tribal deities’ of Egypt, however, had encouraged peace, harmony, and the development of one of the greatest ancient cultures the world has ever known.
