In 2022, a case of cultural heritage trafficking unfolded between Tunisia and Norway, revealing how ancient artifacts remain vulnerable to illicit trade. A Tunisian man tried to sell 30 Punic bronze coins, purportedly from an underwater hoard off Tunisia’s coast, to an antiques dealer in Oslo. The dealer, suspecting the coins’ dubious provenance, alerted Norwegian authorities, who started an international investigation.

Alleged hoard of Punic coins from the coast of Tunisia. PH๏τos sent by email to an antiquities outlet in Oslo by the seller. Courtesy of the Oslo Police. Credit: Roland, H., & Visonà, P., Libyan Studies (2025); CC BY 4.0

Police intercepted the suspect in March 2022, seizing the coins and arresting him. The Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo examined the material and confirmed their Carthaginian origin, minted during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). Following a legal review and diplomatic engagement, charges were dropped, and the coins were returned to Tunisia.

Although the exact context of this hoard is unknown, it was said to have weighed around 200 kilograms. The coins are all corroded from being in the water, and they all feature the goddess Tanit on the obverse and a horse before a palm tree on the reverse; stylistically, they appear to come from a single mint, probably at Carthage, during the later phase of the war. Even without a specific archaeological context, the ᴀssemblage provides insight into the bronze coinage of Carthage, which is less well documented than its silver or gold series, and raises further questions about maritime trade and military logistics in the western Mediterranean.

This case is also illustrative of the challenges in protecting cultural heritage. Coins, because of their portability and demand, are very actively trafficked and usually circulate in legal gray areas. This resтιтution happened because of coordination between the antiques dealer, the police, specialists from the museum, and diplomatic authorities, showing the importance of international cooperation.

1–10 of the 30 Punic coins from the seizure. PH๏τos by H. Roland. Credit: Roland, H., & Visonà, P., Libyan Studies (2025); CC BY 4.0

Meanwhile, this case points to the emergence of serious systemic issues: inconsistent enforcement of international conventions, fragmented national laws, and the growing role of online marketplaces—further facilitating anonymous trade. The situation demonstrates the need for ethical responsibility in promoting cultural property as a societal ᴀsset and respecting the rights of source communities.

While stripped of their archaeological context, these coins nevertheless provide valuable insight into history. Their potential underwater origins, from a shipwreck or submerged deposit, shed light on Carthaginian commerce and wartime activities. This case highlights how even a small number of artifacts can inform scholarship, foster heritage diplomacy, and encourage greater global efforts against illicit trade.

More information: Roland, H., & Visonà, P. (2025). Carthaginian bronze coins from a hoard found off the coast of Tunisia. Libyan Studies, 1–12. doi:10.1017/lis.2025.10021