A new paper recently published has provided the most detailed analysis to date of the way in which early Australian boomerangs combined engineering expertise with rich cultural meaning.

The Yarra Junction wangim investigated in this study. Credit: Zara Lasky-Davison/Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation

Researchers working with Indigenous communities in southeastern Australia have analyzed a 19th-century wangim (boomerang) unearthed from a reported burial near Yarra Junction, Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung Country, to shed light on both the craftsmanship and lived heritage of the region’s First Peoples.

Boomerangs are one of the best-known symbols of Australia, yet their diversity and refinement extend far beyond the returning type. Among Aboriginal cultures, these wooden tools were used for a wide range of purposes—from hunting and fighting to digging, musical performance, and ceremony. The new study is the first to bring together Indigenous oral tradition and functional archaeological analysis to clarify the form, function, and meaning of these iconic tools.

The researchers compared the shape, cross-section, and surface wear of the Yarra Junction wangim to other southeastern boomerangs. These records were enhanced with community knowledge shared by Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung Elders, who described the way in which such items were selected, shaped, and maintained. In this case, the wangim was likely carved from a naturally curving branch or root and shaped with water and heat to acquire the desired bend before being finished with metal tools—a detail that signifies the object was made after European colonization.

Group of Australian Aborigines in traditional costume holding boomerangs and other tools, early 1900s. Public domain.

Microscopic examination revealed residue and wear marks that speak volumes about its purpose. Impact marks, right-handed grip impressions, and even residues of blood indicate that it was used during hunting. Burn marks and charcoal suggest that it may also have been used to stoke fires or repair itself, showing that it had more than one purpose within its lifespan. Despite its functional purpose, the wangim was tenderly maintained and eventually buried along with its owner, suggesting a close personal and possibly spiritual attachment.

Compared to other museum-held boomerangs, the Yarra Junction specimen stands out. It features a broader curve, rounded extremities, and a unique symmetry that occurs in no other examples. Such a distinct shape may have been specifically crafted to suit its owner’s preferences or the particular local conditions of hunting.

The study also references the enduring connection between material heritage and traditional knowledge. Through Elders who still make boomerangs today, researchers confirmed that each shape and curve corresponds to specific throwing behaviors and intended uses. Returning and non-returning types were crafted with remarkable precision, their aerodynamic formations reflecting centuries of accumulated knowledge.

Beyond technical knowledge, the work shows the cultural persistence of the Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung people. Although the wangim belongs to a time when Indigenous groups were being displaced from their land, it is an example of resilience and adaptability—proving that traditional technologies continued to evolve under new conditions.

More information: Hayes, E., Bordes, L., Fullagar, R., Spry, C., Mullins, B., (Wurundjer, Jones, R., (Wurundjer, … Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation. (2025). Traditional cultural knowledge and functional analysis of a non-returning wangim (boomerang) from Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung Country, southeastern Australia. Australian Archaeology, 1–19. doi:10.1080/03122417.2025.2564590