Archaeologists have found rare remains of West Africa’s last hunter-gatherer communities, offering a new glimpse into the lives and sustenance of these people and their circumstances from 9,000 years ago. The discovery, at the Ravin Blanc X site in Senegal’s Falémé Valley, sheds light on early Holocene stone tool production, a period that followed nearly 10,000 years of drought.

The Ravin Blanc X archaeological site, discovered in 2017 in the Falémé Valley of eastern Senegal, is among the few sites in West Africa dating to the early Holocene. Credit: UNIGE-ARCAN

Compared to Europe, Asia, and parts of southern and eastern Africa, prehistoric West Africa has long remained enigmatic. Harsh climatic and geological conditions have destroyed much of the stratified remains in the region, which are essential for the interpretation of settlement patterns and cultural change.

The Ravin Blanc X archaeological site, which was discovered in 2017 by Eric Huysecom’s team from the University of Geneva, is therefore exceptional. Even though it covers only 25 square meters, its deep deposit, preserved under a later Neolithic layer, provides one of the finest pictures yet of life in the region during the early Holocene.

Excavations by researchers from the University of Geneva, along with the Insтιтut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, revealed the remains of a quartz knapping workshop and a fireplace. While no finished tools were left behind, archaeologists retrieved piles of production waste—flakes and discarded cores from tool making. By reᴀssembling the fragments, specialists reconstructed the techniques used, the process of selecting high-quality quartz, and the level of skill employed.

Lithic material recovered from the Ravin Blanc X archaeological site. Credit: C. Pruvost et al., PLOS One (2025)

The research revealed that these hunter-gatherers developed small stone tools, or microliths, as weapons for hunting. The degree of standardization in the tools was high, comparable to other West African savannah sites, suggesting shared traditions among dispersed groups. Sites discovered further south in tropical forest zones exhibit less uniform methods and more opportunistic tool-making approaches. These differences reflect already distinct cultural adaptations shaped by environmental settings.

The Ravin Blanc X discovery also highlights the interdisciplinary effort required to re-create the past. The charcoal from the fireplace was analyzed by experts to determine what kind of wood was burned, and geomorphologists, sedimentologists, and paleoenvironmentalists studied soils and plant remains to interpret the landscape. Collating these findings provides us with insight into both the technical capabilities and the ecological conditions that shaped the daily lives of these prehistoric communities.

Tribal warrior in traditional attire outdoors. Credit: Alva Shoot

The research points to a critical moment in history when the lives of hunter-gatherers were gradually giving way to emerging practices of pottery-making, herding, and farming. But in West Africa, the process unfolded differently from anywhere else, leaving only scattered remnants of people who had occupied the region.

The study, published in the journal PLOS One, was conducted by insтιтutions from Switzerland, Senegal, France, and Germany.

More information: Pruvost, C., Huysecom, E., Garnier, A., Hajdas, I., Höhn, A., Lespez, L., … Mayor, A. (2025). A Later Stone Age quartz knapping workshop and fireplace dated to the Early Holocene in Senegal: The Ravin Blanc X site (RBX). PloS One, 20(9), e0329824. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329824