New research has uncovered strong evidence that childhood malnutrition in medieval England left lasting physical scars, shaping the health and life expectancy of individuals long into adulthood. The study, published in Science Advances, analyzed the teeth of 275 individuals who were buried in churchyards in London and Lincolnshire during the years 1000 to 1540 CE. The researchers found a direct correlation between childhood nutritional stress and reduced lifespan.

Portrait of Bianca degli Utili Maselli and Her Children, before 1614, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

The international research was led by scientists from the University of Bradford and several insтιтutions. Dr. Julia Beaumont, lead analyst at the university’s School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, said in a statement: “By examining dentine profiles, we can see how famine left lasting biological scars. This study shows how medieval lives were shaped by their earliest experiences. It’s a powerful reminder that childhood health has lifelong consequences.”

Tooth dentine—the layer beneath the enamel that forms in childhood and never changes—is a biological record. It absorbs chemical isotopes from the diet, preserving a lifelong record of diet and physiological stress. By slicing the teeth and analyzing these isotopes, scientists were able to reconstruct individual diets with precision.

One pattern emerged. In a healthy diet, levels of carbon and nitrogen usually go up or down together—”covariance,” as scientists call it. But when a child is starving, nitrogen levels in the teeth increase while carbon levels stay stable or decline. This “opposing covariance” is a biological warning sign that identifies episodes of extreme malnutrition.

A street during the Great Plague in London, 1665, with a death cart and mourners. Credit: Wellcome Collection gallery / CC BY 4.0

The team used advanced stable isotope techniques to detect this signature of starvation. They substantiated that people who had experienced early-life famine—especially around the time of the Black Death (1348–1350)—had increased risks later in life. Adults bearing evidence of childhood nutritional stress were more likely to have skeletal evidence of chronic inflammation and were significantly less likely to survive into their 30s than people without the markers.

Interestingly, the prevalence of childhood famine indicators increased before the Black Death, when there was a period of repeated crop failures, the Little Ice Age, and the “great bovine pestilence,” an epidemic that wiped out two-thirds of England’s cattle. The signs declined after the pandemic. Researchers suggest that the plague, as devastating as it was, may have indirectly improved living conditions by reducing population pressure and widening access to resources.

The research findings have significant implications well beyond medieval history. The researchers noted that modern research confirms what has been found here: early-life malnutrition and stress have a significant ᴀssociation with chronic conditions in adulthood, such as heart disease, diabetes, and reduced life expectancy. And there is proof that these effects can be pᴀssed on to later generations through epigenetic changes.

It is a sobering reminder: children’s nutrition is not just a matter of short-term survival—it is a foundation for lifelong health.

More information: DeWitte, S. N., Beaumont, J., Walter, B. S., Towers, J. R., & Brennan, E. J. (2025). Childhood nutritional stress and later-life health outcomes in medieval England: Evidence from incremental dentine analysis. Science Advances, 11(31), eadw7076. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw7076