A newly published linguistics study suggests that the European Huns, previously thought to have Turkic origins, instead shared a common Paleo-Siberian language with the ancient Inner Asian Xiongnu. The research, conducted by the University of Cologne’s Dr. Svenja Bonmann and the University of Oxford‘s Dr. Simon Fries, presents strong linguistic evidence that both groups spoke Old Arin, an extinct language within the Yeniseian language family.

A reconstruction of Attila by George S. Stuart, Museum of Ventura County. PH๏τographed by Peter d’Aprix & Dee Finning / CC BY-SA 3.0

The study, published in the journal Transactions of the Philological Society, brings together linguistic evidence and previous archaeological and genetic evidence, and offers a cohesive narrative about the movement and linguistic heritage of the ancient nomadic powers. Dr. Fries said, “Our study shows that alongside archaeology and genetics, comparative philology plays an essential role in the exploration of human history. We hope that our findings will inspire further research into the history of lesser-known languages and thereby contribute further to our understanding of the linguistic evolution of mankind.”

The Xiongnu dominated parts of Inner Asia between the 3rd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, and the Huns arrived centuries later with a powerful empire in southeastern Europe during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. Contrary to earlier expectations linking both groups to Turkic or Mongolic roots, this new study turns the proposition around by identifying consistent linguistic features linking them to a shared Yeniseian origin.

Bonmann and Fries analyzed a wide range of linguistic evidence—loanwords in ancient languages, Chinese glosses, personal names, and geographic terms. Five natural element loanwords for “lake,” “rain,” and “birch,” found in both Turkic and Mongolic languages, have phonological characteristics consistent with Old Arin. They argue that these are not Yeniseian borrowings, but rather the reverse—proof of the prestige of the Arin language in Inner Asia prior to Turkic expansion.

Arrival of the Huns in Pannonia (Chronicon Pictum, 1358). public domain

The so-called “Jie couplet,” a rare linguistic relic preserved in a Chinese chronicle, was long ᴀssumed to be Turkic. But Bonmann’s research found that its grammatical structure is closer to Arin. In addition, personal names of Hun leaders—including Attila—are now thought to have derived from Arin roots. Attila, the research suggests, may not be a Germanic nickname meaning “little father,” as often believed, but rather a Yeniseian term meaning “somewhat fast” or “quick-ish.”

Toponymic evidence weighs in as well. Hydronyms and place names stretching from the Altai-Sayan region—long ᴀssumed to be a Xiongnu core homeland—west to Europe reflect Arin linguistic patterns. These onomastic patterns trace the westward migration of the Huns and leave a record of cultural and linguistic continuity from Inner Asia to the Carpathian Basin.

Map of the distribution of the Yeniseian languages of Siberia in 1600. Credit: Noahedits / CC BY-SA 4.0

This linguistic find is also aligned with recent genetic studies. A 2025 study by Gnecchi-Ruscone and colleagues discovered direct genetic connections between Xiongnu elites in Mongolia and those who had been buried in the Carpathian Basin, suggesting that the European Huns were descended biologically—and now linguistically—from the Xiongnu.

These languages were spoken in Siberia before Uralic, Turkic, and Tungusic tribes migrated. “This was long before the Turkic peoples migrated to Inner Asia and even before the splitting of Old Turkic into several daughter languages. This ancient Arin language even influenced the early Turkic languages and enjoyed a certain prestige in Inner Asia,” explained Dr. Bonmann.

The research’s interdisciplinary approach—based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence—offers a powerful model for uncovering ancient pasts where written records are scarce. It not only ᴀsserts more firmly that the Huns and Xiongnu were part of a continuous cultural and linguistic lineage, but also presents a challenge to explore Eurasia’s linguistic landscape.

More information: Bonmann, S., & Fries, S. (2025). Linguistic evidence suggests that Xiōng‐nú and Huns spoke the same Paleo‐Siberian language. Transactions of the Philological Society. Philological Society (Great Britain). doi:10.1111/1467-968x.12321