A recent study by archaeologist Dr. Gino Caspari is providing new information about the enigmatic Xiaohe culture of the Tarim Basin, an extraordinary Bronze Age civilization with unique funeral practices and remarkable preservation of organic material. Flourishing between 1400 and 1950 BCE in today’s Xinjiang, China, the Xiaohe culture has fascinated archaeologists for decades with its boat coffins, cattle remains, and distinctive grave markers—traits found in a cemetery buried deep within one of the driest regions on Earth.

Boat-shaped wooden coffin (Burial XHM66, layer 4) from the Xiaohe culture, uncovered in the Tarim Basin. Credit: Fan Zhang et al. / CC BY-SA 4.0

The Xiaohe burial site was originally discovered in the early 1900s and partially excavated by Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman in 1934. However, it was not until the early 2000s that the cemetery was excavated extensively under the supervision of the Xinjiang Insтιтute of Archaeology. Overall, the archaeologists discovered 167 new graves in addition to the initial 12, but estimates suggest that the cemetery could have originally contained up to 350 burials—many of which were destroyed by erosion and environmental damage over time.

With a focus on symbolic interpretation, Dr. Caspari’s recent research revisits these burials. “The funerary ritual is completely different from those of the surrounding cultures, and that is part of the fascination of this culture,” he said. The idea that Xiaohe’s burial customs reflect a complex spiritual worldview centered on water symbolism is supported by his research, which is rooted in both material evidence and broader cultural context.

An idealized depiction of the boat type burial at Xiaohe with two types of posts ᴀssociated with the coffins: Left) Oval shaped end with flat extrusions. Right) Rounded end without extrusions (Illustration by Anja Schorneck). Credit: Caspari, G., Asian Archaeology (2025)

Most distinctive of the funerary rites are the narrow, canoe-shaped coffins buried in sand pits, generally surrounded by upright wooden poles at their heads. These poles have been described as vulva- or phallic-shaped, painted red or with dark-tipped ends. Surprisingly, gender symbolism for these markers is not always aligned consistently—phallic posts sometimes appear over female burials and vice versa—suggesting a symbolic rather than literal meaning.

An artistic conceptualization of the mirror world of Xiaohe (Illustration by Anja Schorneck). Credit: Caspari, G., Asian Archaeology (2025)

In a context shaped by seasonal river oases and dependent upon careful management of water, Xiaohe society developed a combined economy of agriculture and pastoralism. Their deep cultural connection to water, Caspari argues, extended into their religious beliefs. The boat-like coffins and attached poles may have stood for paddles and mooring posts, tools designed to guide and anchor the deceased on a mirrored afterlife journey—a theme that appears in other ancient cultures, such as those of the Scandinavian Bronze Age and Ancient Egypt.

No human remains were found in one of the site’s odd constructions, a rectangular platform covered in layers of cattle skulls and hides, which may have had a purpose other than burial rituals. Heavily used cattle remains across the cemetery also underscore the symbolic and economic value of this animal to the Xiaohe community.

Despite the discoveries of the excavations and ongoing research, there is still much that is not yet known about the Xiaohe culture. To this day, we have no idea why they ultimately died out around 1400 BCE. Nonetheless, the Xiaohe site remains a window into the symbolic and practical lifeways of a Bronze Age people who flourished in the harsh conditions of the Tarim Basin.

More information: Caspari, G. (2025). Reflections on water: funerary practice and symbolism at the Bronze Age site of Xiaohe. asian archaeol. doi.:10.1007/s41826-025-00105-2