In a recent study on the historical and genetic legacy of the Sogdians, some of the major components in the lives of these ancient merchants, who were part of the crucial East-West nexus on the Silk Road, have been sтιтched together. Conducted through archaeological, historical, and genomic perspectives, the present study discusses the origin of the Sogdians, their migration patterns, and cultural ᴀssimilation, thereby underlining their contribution to long-lasting trade and cultural exchange.

Medieval painting showing Sogdian merchants. Credit: Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

The Sogdians were an Eastern Iranian-speaking people originally from Sogdiana, or modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Traders, artisans, and cultural brokers, their influence peaked during the Tang Dynasty, or roughly from 618 to 907 CE, described as the “Golden Age” of the Silk Road. But until recently, very little has been known about their origins and interaction with other populations.

A breakthrough in understanding the Sogdians came from the analysis of two skeletons excavated from a Tang Dynasty tomb, M1401, in Guyuan, northwest China. The tomb was excavated by the Ningxia Insтιтute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in 2014 to prevent looting; its treasures included frescoes, figurines, coins, and glᴀss beads. This finding demonstrated that it was a Sogdian family that had lived there.

The man and woman interred in the tomb were subjected to genetic and morphological analyses, revealing surprising results. According to the researchers, SUTE1 had mixed ancestry, including local and genetic components from the so-called Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), which expressed a Central Asian component. On the other hand, SUTE2 proved much closer to the local population in China’s Yellow River region, providing yet another piece of evidence for intermarriage and further cultural ᴀssimilation.

The extent of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the location of Sogdiana. Credit: Fabienkhan, CC BY-SA 2.5

This genetic duality found in the tomb reflects a broader history of the integration of Sogdians into local societies. Historical Chinese records refer to the arrival in China of Sogdian families during both the Wei Jin and Sui Tang dynasties. The Sogdians married into local populations and established thriving communities in various important cities, including Chang’an (modern Xi’an), which stimulated trade and cultural interaction.

The architecture of the tomb and the funerary objects inside it provide further illustrations of the Sogdians combining various cultural influences. The artifacts recovered from M1401 highlight the synthesis of Sogdian and Tang Dynasty traditions, illustrating how the Silk Road served as a crucible for cultural and genetic exchange.

Sogdians on an Achaemenid Persian relief from the Apadana of Persepolis, Iran, offering tributary gifts to the Persian king Darius I, 5th century BCE. Credit: A.Davey, CC BY 2.0

Sogdiana, lying between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, was able to develop as a very rich and strategic area, which helped it rise to become a center of trade and culture. For many centuries, Sogdiana was conquered by various empires, including the Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great, and the Kushan Empire. It is from this privileged position that the Sogdian merchants took advantage and acted as intermediaries in the exchange of goods, ideas, and art between China, Persia, and the Mediterranean world.

More information: Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., Li, J., Qu, Y., Zhu, C., … Ning, C. (2025). Unraveling the origins of the sogdians: Evidence of genetic admixture between ancient central and East Asians. Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports, 61(104957), 104957. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104957