Scientists Analyze Composition of Rome’s Clear Glᴀss

While its fragility and elegance are in themselves intriguing, geochemical studies of the glᴀss can show invisible tracers can reveal more than what meets the eye.

Researchers found a way to identify the origin of colorless glᴀss from this in a new international collegial study from the Danish National Research Foundation’s Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), the Aarhus Geochemistry and Isotope Research Platform (AGiR) at Aarhus University, researchers have found a way to determine the origin of colourless glᴀss from the Roman period. The study is published in Scientific Reports.

It manufactures products for drinking and dining, glᴀss slippers, and glᴀss colors for the wall mosaics. The Roman glᴀss industry is extensive. One of its outstanding achievements was the production of large quanтιтies of a colourless and clear glᴀss, which was particularly favoured for high-quality cut drinking vessels.

The fourth-century Price Edict of the emperor Diocletian refers to colourless glᴀss as ‘Alexandrian’, indicating an origin in Egypt. However, large amounts of Roman glᴀss are known to have been made in Palestine, where archaeologists have uncovered furnaces for colourless glᴀss production.

Such furnaces have not been uncovered in Egypt, and hitherto, it has been very challenging to scientifically tell the difference between the glᴀss made in the two regions.

Now, an international collaboration led by ᴀssistant Professor Gry Barfod from UrbNet and AGiR at Aarhus University has found the solution.

Their work on Roman glᴀss from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project in Jordan shows that the isotopes of the rare element hafnium can be used to distinguish between Egyptian and Palestinian glᴀss and provide compelling evidence that the prestigious colourless glᴀss known as ‘Alexandrian’ was indeed made in Egypt.

Two of the co-authors of the publication, Professor Achim Lichtenberger (University of Münster) and Centre Director at UrbNet Professor Rubina Raja, head the archaeological project in Jerash, Jordan. Since 2011, they have worked at the site and have furthered high-definition approaches to the archaeological material from their excavations.

Through full quantification methods, they have over and again shown that such an approach is the way forward in archaeology when combining it with in context studies of various material groups.

The new study is yet another testament to this approach.

“Hafnium isotopes have proved to be an important tracer for the origins of sedimentary deposits in geology, so I expected this isotope system to fingerprint the sands used in glᴀssmaking”, states Gry Barfod.

Professor at Aarhus University Charles Lesher, co-author of the publication, continues: “The fact that this expectation is borne out by the measurements is a testament of the intimate link between archaeology and geology.”

Hafnium isotopes have not previously been used by archaeologists to look at the trade-in ancient man-made materials such as ceramics and glᴀss. Co-author Professor Ian Freestone, University College London, comments, “These exciting results clearly show the potential of hafnium isotopes in elucidating the origins of early materials. I predict they will become an important part of the scientific toolkit used in our investigation of the ancient economy.”

The sand along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt and Levant (Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria) originates from the Nile and is ideal for glᴀss production because it naturally contains the amount of lime needed to keep the glᴀss stable and not degradable.

In the Levant, they made transparent glᴀss by adding manganese – it was good, but not perfect.

The second type of Roman glᴀss, which scientists now show came from Egypt, the glᴀssmakers made transparent by adding antimony (Sb), which made it crystal clear; therefore, this was the most valuable glᴀss.